Telephone service was initially for local connections only. A central office, inevitably located in the downtown business district, would handle connections between calls. In Los Angeles, the central office is the switching station at 400 S. Grand, built by AT&T and now owned by SBC [formerly Pacific Bell].
When long distance was introduced, it terminated at the central office where calls would be distributed to local exchanges. As need for long distance communications increased, a microwave tower was built to receive signals.